How could I

Writer's Note

In the examples above, you can see that the sentences are formed with "How could I" + verb. But we can change the tone and meaning with "How could I have" + past participle. When using this formula it means that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it.

1. How could I have written this book without you?
どうして私はこの本をあなたなしで書くことができたのでしょうか？
2. How could I have gotten home without you?
あなたがいなかったら、どうやって家に帰れたでしょうか？
3. How could I have lost all this weight without your support?
私がどうしてこの体重をあなたのサポートなしに減らすことができたでしょうか？
4. How could I have received this award without your guidance?
この賞を受け取ることができたのは あなたの指導があってこそです。
5. How could I have spelled your name incorrectly?
どうしてあなたの名前を間違って綴ってしまったのでしょうか？

Here's a tip or two about past participles.

1. Form past participles of regular verbs. Add "-ed" to the base form of the verb, or "-d" if the verb ends in "e". 
   For example: call👉called, dance👉danced, watch👉watched. 
規則動詞の過去分詞形を作成する方法 動詞の基本形に「-ed」を追加するか、動詞が「e」で終わる場合は「-d」を追加します。
例えば: call👉called, dance👉danced, watch👉watched.
2. The past participle and simple past form are the same for regular verbs.
   For example: loved👉loved, listened👉listened, played👉played. 
規則動詞の過去分詞形と過去形は同じです。
例えば: loved👉loved, listened👉listened, played👉played.
3. Pronunciations can differ for past participles ending in "-ed". The pronunciation depends on the last sound of the verb. 
過去分詞が「-ed」で終わる場合、発音が異なることがあります。発音は動詞の最後の音によって決まります。
4. Use past participles in tenses like present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, and conditional perfect.
   Present Perfect👉I have eaten (past participle: eaten)
   Past Perfect👉She had finished (past participle: finished)
   Future Perfect👉They will have completed (past participle: completed)
   Conditional Perfect👉If he had studied harder... (past participle: studied)
現在完了形、過去完了形、未来完了形、条件完了形のような時制で過去分詞を使用します。
現在完了形👉I have eaten (過去分詞: eaten)
過去完了形👉She had finished (過去分詞: finished)
未来完了形👉They will have completed (過去分詞: completed)
条件完了形👉If he had studied harder... (過去分詞: studied)
5. Use past participles in the passive voice. Use the conjugated form of the verb "be" with the past participle. Structure would look like this; to be verb (was, were, is, are, etc.) + past participle.
   For example: The breaking news has been reported on various channels worldwide.
受動態で過去分詞を使用します。動詞「be」の活用形を過去分詞と一緒に使用します。構造は次のようになります：be動詞（was, were, is, areなど） + 過去分詞。
例えば：最新ニュースは世界中の様々なチャンネルで報道されました。
6. Use past participles with auxiliary verbs. Precede the past tense verb with an auxiliary verb.
   For example: She has finished the dishes.
   For example: The kids had eaten before we arrived home.
過去分詞は助動詞と一緒に使用します。過去形の動詞の前に助動詞を置きます。
例えば: She has finished the dishes.
例えば: The kids had eaten before we arrived home.